Early Modern Poetry, Comparative Analysis Essay

Early Modern Poetry, Comparative Analysis - Essay Example Hers was an orchestrated marriage that may well have been the purpose for her thoughts of adoration which can be found in the sonnets that she has written. Katherine Philips works were pretty much focused on the Society of Friendship where she become friends with ladies who seem various occasions in her works (Carpenter, 2003). As indicated by her compositions there is by all accounts a recommendation by Philips that the adoration that was between the ladies was a type of affection that was liberated from defilement and was as unadulterated a type of affection that could be attainted. There have been various sonnets that have been composed by Katherine Philips about her associations with ladies earned a great deal of dislike anyway current women's activists have lauded her for the way where she has depicted ladies. Mary Wroth was destined to the primary Earl of Leicester, Sir Robert Sidney in 1587. Wroth had various essayists in her family who may have affected her composition (Louis iana State University Press). Mary was offered to Sir Robert Wroth in 1604 who was viewed as a most loved according to King James I. The marriage didn't get off the ground and Robert Wroth was known to take care of business of unethical standing yet he was likewise an affluent man. His remaining in the king’s court carried a few advantages to his better half who was welcome to the court all the more regularly. Mary Worth composed the sentimental exposition The Countess of Montgomeries Urania. The specific sonnet that will be seen will be â€Å"Love examine me, seeke, and finde† (Poetry Foundation). Wroth composed Urania to relate the narrative of two darlings, Pamphilia and Amphilanthus. Nonetheless, some e of the sonnets were a story of the dealings in court and this caused a serious upheaval (Millman and Wright, 2005). Mary was likewise a special lady to her first cousin with whom she had two ill-conceived youngsters making her the focal point of a great deal of anal ysis (Maggs). Both the sonnets, Against adoration and Love scrutinize me, seeke, and finde are love sonnets. Katherine Philips thought of her sonnets in the 1600’s while Mary Wroth kept in touch with her pieces in the late 1500’s. The hole between when the two ladies composed their works isn't excessively and the carries on with that both drove have influenced the way of composing. Against adoration by Katherine Philips alludes to the sentiment and love and censures the feeling (Reocities). Love here is alluded to as Cupid and cherishes utilization of cheating toys. Katherine calls attention to that adoration gives grief’s and illustrates satisfaction and delight. This sonnet shows the analysis of adoration and the individuals who fall into affection; there is an investigate of those ladies who consider a man to assume responsibility for their carries on with through affection and in this manner put the chains around their own legs (Barash, 1996). There is a con sistent utilization of rhymes toward the finish of each line. The closure expression of each line is made to rhyme with the final expression of the following line and in this manner making a feeling of a steady musicality. The symbolism that is depicted by the sonnet doesn't appear to be exceptional however the considerations are positively inciting. Katherine’s writing utilizes a significant basic tone and the symbolism causes one to depict two sweethearts where the man is both the more fragile and the more grounded individual in the relationship. A man is one who is by all accounts a recluse and doesn't appear to impart an enthusiastic association with a specific ladies. The utilization of metaphorical language is very broad; the beginning of the sonnet is with an analogy for adoration with Cupid. The expectations and emotions that follow love are considered by the author to be cheating toys. The

The Historical and Colonial Context of Brian Friel’s Translations Essay

The Historical and Colonial Context of Brian Friel’s Translations Viewed by numerous individuals as Brian Friel’s showy artful culmination, Seamus Deane portrayed Translations as â€Å"a succession of occasions in history which are changed by his composition into an anecdote of occasions in the present day† (Introduction 22). The play was first created in Derry in 1980. It was the primary creation by Field Day, a social expressions bunch established by Friel and the entertainer Stephen Rea, and related with Deane, Seamus Heaney and Tom Paulin. As Deane attests, the play is in numerous regards a savvy and illuminating analogy for the circumstance in Northern Ireland. The points of raising social mindfulness and scattering socio-political aloofness in the North were vital to the goals of the Field Day gathering. Nonetheless, regardless of Friel’s worries with contemporary Ireland, the play is likewise a captivating imaginary record of the Irish experience of British expansionism. My point in this page is to immovably put Translations inside its chronicled setting, so as to comprehend the portrayal of imperialism in the play and to encourage further post-pilgrim readings. Interpretations might be found both transiently and spatially to a fixed point in Irish history. The characters hail from Baile Beag, renamed with the anglicized title of Ballybeg. The activity of the play happens over various days towards the finish of August 1833. Before diving into the play it is clear, from these generally broad of focuses, that the mise-en-scene of Translations is a time of extraordinary importance in the pilgrim connection among Ireland and England. The lifetime of Hugh and Jimmy Jack, the sixty years or so approaching 1833, gave testimony regarding numerous significant occasions in the transformation of Ireland from a rustic Gaelic culture to a cutting edge provincial country. To return an additional seven decades, in 1704 correctional laws were ordered â€Å"which announced that a Catholic couldn't hold any office of state, nor represent Parliament, vote, join the military or naval force, practice at the bar nor....buy land† (Kee Ireland: A History 54). Along these lines, by 1778 an insignificant five percent of the place that is known for Ireland was possessed by Catholics. The Irish individuals (most outstandingly Catholics, however Protestants additionally, for example, those depicted in Translations endured extreme separation, neediness and difficulty. The French Revolution of 1789 shocked Irish political intuition into another fr... ... to communicate in English and each subject will be educated through English (396). Maire’s want, at the opening of the play, to communicate in English will before long be authorized by law all through the National Schools in Ireland. Where Dan O’Connell and Maire both accepted the utilization of English would permit progress towards their individual national and individual dreams, Hugh accepts that English was basically for â€Å"commerce† yet that it â€Å"couldn’t truly express us (the Irish)† (418). He understood that the utilization of Gaelic, of staying consistent with their own conventions was a strategy for opposing imperialism, â€Å"our just technique for answering to .... inevitabilities† (418). Maybe the most amusing section in the play shows up during a discussion among Yolland and Hugh. Hugh entertains himself the grinning position of deigning to the youthful warrior, excusing William Wordsworth (and by suggestion English Literature): Wordsworth?.... No I’m apprehensive we’re curious about your writing, Lieutenant. .... We will in general ignore your island (417). Powerfully, inside a generally brief timeframe the verse of Wordsworth, and of the English group, would be perused and recounted by most of youngsters in Ireland.

Medieval Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval Philosophy - Assignment Example Henceforth, mystical powers, including sublime bodies and malice spirits, compel human wants and make leaps while in transit to engaging in various exercises out of their through and through freedom. Besides, since the favors and bounties showered by God upon people, bring delights throughout their life, so people must look for His assurance so as to get away from mishaps throughout everyday life. Be that as it may, God has likewise conceded forces to the malevolent powers existing known to man and has permitted them to damage and mischief the people through their cunning. These powers entice people to follow their wants without making the sufficient judgment among good and bad. Thusly, there is by all accounts a high likelihood of people to become prey to the underhanded enticements by stretching out their desires and wants all things considered. Subsequently, common powers exact the people with hardships that limitation their unrestrained choice and breaking point their activities and behaviors for the future days to come based on the premonition the Providence keeps up. Question 3 (Answer): Contemporary period scholar and rationalist, Nelson Pike, has fundamentally inspected the Boethius’ convention with respect to omniscience and through and through freedom. Since Boethius has presented his case that it is omniscience that obliges human through and through freedom, no human activity is free and autonomous one in its temperament and extension. Be that as it may, Pike disproves the very idea by proclaiming it bogus and against the very proof out and out. Pike is of the view that since God is all-Knowing and all-Powerful, He has premonition of every single occurrence that would occur in the life of each human for a mind-blowing duration. Pike underpins his postulation with a few outlines and models, so as to explain his contention in regards to the forces allowed to people by the Lord for playing out their household and expert obligations and commitment s. On the off chance that an individual, Pike contends, is resolved to accomplish something either unimportant or significant, God positively keeps up prescience of it. Be that as it may, He has permitted people to apply their through and through freedom, out of their own decisions, so as to play out their regular exercises with no obstacle or snag in transit. At the end of the day, however every occurrence to be occurred on the planet in the life of people is in the information on God, yet He doesn't confine the people from participating in individual and aggregate exercises of their decision by obliging every single human activity. Despite what might be expected, He has talented the people with the forces to try and refute His very presence, as agnostic watch, however He has total premonition of it. On the off chance that God begins forcing requirements on each human activity, at that point there would nor be any space for the agnostics and unbelievers nor might people make this w orld a locale where wrongdoings, offenses, sins, and law-breaking happen much of the time. In this way, Pike invalidates Boethius’s precept that God’s omniscience limits human activities in such an amazing way, that it obliterates the idea of through and through freedom inside and out. In any case, Boethius doesn't guarantee that each human activity is banned by the common administrative specialists.

Doomsday Preppers free essay sample

I chose to make the shelter out of my cellar estimations. I included some racks and space for certain provisions that are fundamental to living for at any rate seven days down in this shelter. We will compose a custom paper test on Doomsday Preppers or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Additionally, I attempted to keep a great deal of room open, so we dont stumble on anything if there should be an occurrence of a crisis. Likewise, I attempted to keep things basic since it is acceptable to keep things composed on the off chance that this turns into a genuine issue. I expected to clear what used to be a wardrobe into a restroom space. I attempted to keep the restroom space separate in light of the loathsome scents it will give out following seven days of being down in the dugout. I put a lounge room space in the center, so it is anything but difficult to assemble around and still be a family down in this fortification. We have a few lounge chairs down in our cellar, so I figure it is ideal to get to know each other as we can down in this dugout. My storm cellar is an open spot which makes it simpler to put things around. I bought a huge amount of food to nibble on during the current week, however no enormous dinners since it gets extremely costly. I additionally bought some cleaning supplies in the event that the restroom circumstance turns into an untidy and nauseating spot. An emergency treatment unit is fundamental on the grounds that on the off chance that some radical thing occurs, a medical aid pack ust may spare a real existence. I purchased a plastic container for the pee to go in, and some plastic packs for the waste. It may not be the cleanest way, yet it is the cheapest,easiest way. A battery worked radio will permit you tune in to crisis messages that may spare your life. I picked my device to be a Jetboil cooking framework that can permit numerous modest canned merchandise to be warmed up without any problem. This could help make dinners last any longer. I likewise purchased a water barrel that has 52 gallons of CLEAN water. This could last my family seven days, simple. I needed to accommodate my pooch into my arrangements, and he will Just remain in a pet hotel ownstairs. I likewise got him some modest fish that he could live off of for the week. With respect to his crap and Pee, he should be immediately prepared to crap and pee into/on a plastic pack. In the event that he doesn't, we can undoubtedly get the loss for the week. The pee might be a harder subject, yet on the off chance that he has a mishap, we have cleaning supplies to help tidy that up. I purchased pipe tape to seal all the windows shut firmly to ensure little radiation can leak through the windows. In the event that it gets dull around evening time, I purchased an electric lamp. As should be obvious, I got it entirely secured for any crisis for an atomic debacle.

Evaluation - The Secret Garden Party Organisation Essay

Assessment - The Secret Garden Party Organization - Essay Example The report will likewise examine the different alternatives for the two key issues. At last, the paper will focus on inside and out examination of the yearly music occasion. Segment 1: Key Strategic Issues The administration of Secret Garden Party Organization is thinking about a few key issues, which will direct its exhibition in the business. One key system is the need to target web watchers to its program. Such a move is advocated by the way that the proficiency rate in UK is above 95% other than having high pace of web clients. The other basic issue that the association is pondering is the issue of awful climate. It is significant that the association ought to consider directing indoor occasions to maintain a strategic distance from odds of awful climate destroying the occasion. The other two key issues that are of worry to the Secret Garden Party incorporate the estimating of the tickets and the measures to guarantee that this yearly occasion doesn't conflict with some other occ asion. In any case, the two principle issues, which will be placed into point of view, incorporate the evaluating of the tickets and the measures to guarantee that this yearly occasion doesn't conflict with some other occasion. So as to ensure that the yearly occasion registers most extreme participation, it is reasonable that the date where the occasion is organized doesn't conflict with some other significant occasion. ... The occasion is in every case truly important deciding by how admirers of the celebration consistently anticipate the occasion (Cronk and Hill, 2008). The other avocation of setting a novel date is for the coordinations reasons; arranging such a worldwide occasion is no mean fete, and it gets progressively troublesome if a few different projects are being sorted out around a similar date. A program of that gauge requires safety efforts, philanthropic measures, and appropriate sanitation for the visitors. Every one of these prerequisites are constantly achieved on this occasion on account of the way that it is determined to a one of a kind date. The other key issue is the issue of valuing. Research by the occasion coordinators uncovered that lion's share of the admirers of this yearly occasion are hesitant to go to the occasion attributable to the way that the ticket costs are past their scope. The occasion coordinators must be alive to the way that bringing down the ticket costs will go far to expand the quantity of participation to the occasion significantly. To be sure, it is smarter to lessen costs, which will expand the quantity of participation subsequently augmenting the incomes for the occasion (Kinnie, 2003). Lessening the costs won't influence the overflow at the occasion on the grounds that the corporate backers related with the occasion consistently shoulder a large portion of the expenses caused at the occasion. Area 2 Several different ways can be utilized to accomplish the key issues talked about in segment 1 above. The issue of evaluating is basic to the budgetary feasibility of the yearly occasion. The coordinators of this occasion need to investigate different choices accessible to them in regards to the issue of valuing of the tickets. Presently, the ticket costs are high; this factor is shutting out potential admirers of the occasions from going to this in any case mainstream occasion (Kuchler, 2013). One

Bye Bye Weekends, See You In April

Bye Bye Weekends, See You In April Its that time of year again. I have a love-hate relationship with reading season. The love part is that I love reading apps. I love reading your stories (because they are all so different and awesome). I love seeing the choices people make, the ways in which people grow, the ways in which context affects everything. I love imagining all of you at MIT what youll get involved with, how youll contribute to our culture and community. (This last one is a bad idea with such a low admit rate, it always leads to me being heartbroken in March, but nonetheless I cant help myself.) The hate part is simply that there arent enough hours in the day. So when Im reading, Im feeling guilty about the other parts of my job that are getting placed on the back burner (were simultaneously rewriting and redesigning the viewbook, the financial aid piece, the minority student brochure, and the admit pack all due by years end). And when Im giving attention to those things, Im constantly worried about my read rate. Its a vicious cycle. Even when Im hanging out with my kids, Im thinking of all the work I should be doing instead (which is something I simply need to get over). Once the EA apps are in, the questions and anxiety seem to really heat up in the applicant pool. So I also try to prioritize some time each day to put the counselor in admissions counselor answer email, be attentive to the MIT forum on CC, etc. To me, this is probably the most important part of my job during this time. Hey, perhaps next year the applicants could try to get all stressed out a few months early, to better fit into our reading and selection schedule. :-) (Kidding, of course.) Its a balancing act, certainly. But I do feel prepared even moreso now that Ive been through a complete cycle at MIT. I was cocky this year, thinking that my read rate was going to go way up immediately. I was wrong (although I am better than last year, for sure). Ill get there. In the meantime, Im determined not to feel guilty if I need to spend an hour on a single app. Sometimes thats just what it takes. Anyway, you guys hang in there and try not to worry too much. For those of you who have applied EA, theres pretty much nothing for you to do but wait it out. And while you wait, have fun! :-) Answers to the latest round of questions coming later this week.

Criminal Justice Act 2003 - Free Essay Example

Criminal Justice Act 2003 ‘Parliaments purpose in the legislation, as we divine it from the terms of the Act, was to assist in the evidence based conviction of the guilty, without putting those who are not guilty at risk of conviction by prejudice (R v Hanson [2005] 2 Cr App R 21, Rose LJ at [4]). In light of the above statement, evaluate the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, and the relevant case law under the Act, relating to attack on anothers character. Sections 98 to 113 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (CJA) represent a significant change from the accepted common law approach to the methods by which bad character evidence could be introduced in the course of criminal trial proceedings. Notwithstanding the criticisms directed against the legislation from various quarters, an objective appraisal of the provisions themselves and the judicial interpretations provided since the passage of the CJA confirms that to a large degree, the observations of Rose LJ noted in the title as to Parliaments purpose are accurate. As importantly, the evidentiary regime established in the CJA strikes a fair and fundamental balance between the principles of reasonable doubt, the right of the defendant to make full answer and defence to a criminal charge, and the societal interest in the effective prosecution of crime. This paper commences with an overview of the most important changes to the previous law concerning bad character that are now established by the CJA. The procedure contemplated by the joint effect of the CJA provisions and the Criminal Procedure Rules (CPR) is also considered and evaluated. The paper then provides an examination of the principles that support the ad missibility of bad character evidence concerning defendant and non-defendant witnesses, with the seven specific ‘gateways for such evidence as defined by the CJA given specific consideration. The cases decided since 2004 and relevant academic commentaries are also highlighted. There are three particular aspects to the CJA regime that guide the present analysis and require specific attention in this regard. These are: The abolition of the common law rules that previously governed such admissibility as well as the prior rules provided in the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 concerning the cross-examination of defendants as to character Evidence of bad character concerning a non-defendant is admissible by leave of the court on specific grounds Evidence of the defendants bad character is generally admissible on a wider range of prospective trial issues, by virtue of the seven specific ‘gateways established by the CJA There is no question that the Criminal Justice Act 2003, Part 11 represents a fundamental alteration of prior English law concerning the general admissibility of bad character evidence. Placed in an admittedly restricted nutshell, the prior law confirmed that the prosecution could not adduce evidence of the defendants bad character (other than evidence concerning the offence charged or offences against the administration of justice committed in relation to the offence charged). The prosecution was also prohibited from leading evidence of the defendants propensity to commit criminal acts even if relevant to the charge. In this way, the previous bad character evidence rules were an exception to the general rule that all relevant evidence is admissible in a criminal trial. The traditional caveat advanced in this respect that justified the exclusion of evidence of bad character was that it is often irrelevant to the proof of a defendants guilt; insofar as it is relevant, its prej udicial effect outweighs its probative value. The reworking of the law in the CJA commences with the definition of bad character provided at s.98 and s.112. There are two specific ingredients in the definition. Bad character evidence may include any evidence of misconduct or a â€Å"disposition† towards misconduct; it may also include misconduct established through evidence of the â€Å"†¦commission of an offence or other reprehensible conduct†. Subject to special procedures that governed the admissibility of ‘similar fact evidence that also may have provided the basis for bad character evidence to be admitted against a defendant, the case law that has subsequently interpreted the admittedly broad expressions ‘misconduct and ‘reprehensible conduct as employed in the CJA has given each phrase a sensible meaning. If the entire purpose of criminal evidence rules may be summarised as achieving the balance between private rights to full def ence and the interest of the state as contended in the papers opening paragraph, the case law achieves this purpose. In Weir, the Court of Appeal determined that the propensity to commit crime on the part of an accused could be proven with reference to the defendants commission of other crimes, but the prosecution could establish propensity by other means. The ‘other means were fleshed out in the other case law, including Renda, where the Court ruled that a prosecution witness may be cross-examined about incidents of misconduct known to the defendant which had never themselves been the subject of a criminal charge. It is contended that a greater breadth afforded judicial discretion to admit bad character does not improperly impair the defence so much as it ensures a greater range of relevant evidence may be considered by the court. This discretion is placed within a procedural construct that has proven useful in the relatively brief life of the CJA provisions. The pr osecution is required to provide the defendant a minimum of 14 days notice of its intention to introduce bad character evidence at trial; the defendant has the opportunity to object prior to the tendering of the proposed evidence and a ruling will be obtained accordingly. The procedure applies to bad character evidence proposed by the prosecution and such evidence a defendant proposes to call with respect to a co-defendant. These rules achieve two important results not necessarily guaranteed under the former regime where applications of this nature were regularly permitted to be made by trail judges within the trial proper. The defence will not be surprised or in any way caught unawares by the prosecution application to rely on bad character evidence. In a system of justice that historically exhibited reluctance to provide full disclosure of the entire case relied upon by the prosecution in advance of trial, this Rule is a very positive development that promotes the overarc hing principle of procedural fairness. The secondary benefit achieved through this procedure is a more focused trial. Jurors and witnesses ought to expect that they shall attend a proceeding that will not be diverted from the orderly calling of evidence by virtue of unexpected motions brought to resolve questions of admissibility that can be resolved efficiently at the pre-trial application stage. Further, the notice provisions provided in the CJA and the Rules of Criminal Procedure permit all parties to make appropriate enquiries in advance of trial concerning the intended evidence. In this important sense, the relevance of the evidence can be buttressed or challenged in a thorough and effective way where appropriate. The distinction in the treatment of bad character evidence that pertains to non-defendants and defendants is confirmed in s. 100 CJA. It is important to note that the often problematic evidentiary rules concerning the cross-examination of a sexual assault complainant are excluded from the operation of the CJA in this respect. It is contended that this exception is the one significant difficulty revealed by the revisions. The special provisions that were enacted to govern the admissibility of prior sexual history evidence have attracted significant attention. For example, there is a legitimate need to ensure that a defendant in a sexual offence prosecution is not permitted to equate the fact that a woman did not make complaint concerning his conduct at an earlier time with the conclusion that the present complaint must be false. Criminal trials should not be determined on the basis of ‘rape myths or stereotypical notions of how a rape victim ought to behave. However, it would be preferable that all criminal evidence be evaluated using the same criteria. The CJA framework is entirely suited to prevent the introduction of such evidence when the ‘gateway principles are applied; special consideration for specific offenc es undermines the cohesiveness of the law. In all other respects, the language used in s. 100 section provides the clearest possible demarcation between the permitted approaches to the tendering of non-defendant bad character evidence. Only where the proposed evidence is important explanatory evidence, or where the evidence is directed to an issue in the proceedings and it is of substantial importance to the presentation of the case as a whole may it be admitted. The section provides amplification on the definition of the phrase ‘important explanatory evidence as evidence without which the jury would find the case difficult or impossible to understand (all emphasis added). A semantic criticism may be made that the use of ‘difficult and ‘impossible in the same definitional expression is clumsy and may lead to inconsistency given the different each term provides as a condition precedent to admissibility. However, the underlying philosophy inherent in the s ection is sound. Bad character evidence that relates to non-defendants ought to be pre-screened by the trial judge to ensure its relevance and to give greater assurance that the trial process is not distracted from the consideration of important evidence. The subsequent case law has properly limited ‘misconduct evidence to exclude an arrest on a criminal charge; the section imposes a higher test with respect to the introduction of a non-defendants bad character than does the test for the introduction of a defendants bad character. Prospective bad character evidence concerning a defendant is potentially admissible through one or more of the seven procedural ‘gateways established in s. 101 (1) CJA. Each provision has a valid trial fairness objective; for example, bad character admitted on consent, or such evidence led to rebut a defence attack on another persons character are as rooted in common sense as they are fair adjudicative principles. The gateways that res tate the importance of explanatory evidence to give a fact situation appropriate context, and the traditional relevance / probative value versus prejudicial test developed in the common law warrant further examination in this regard. These are the most important and the most litigated provisions in the gateway structure. Edwards provides a useful example of how a court will assess how important background evidence must be to the understanding of the entire case. In this decision, the Court of Appeal confirmed that for a jury to properly understand the nuance of a heroin trafficking transaction, evidence could be called by the prosecution to explain how such transactions proceeded if they were to understand why a witness said that they could identify the defendant. Relevance to an important matter between the defence and the prosecution as described in s. 101 (1) (d) CJA is not restricted to the defendants alleged propensity to commit the subject crime or crime generally. The provision represents a barrier to the prosecution to call such evidence if it is not central to its chief purpose. For example, whilst the previous common law based limitations on the tendering of a defendants criminal record was often regarded as highly prejudicial to the prosecution, the revisions enacted in the CJA provisions do not countenance the wholesale introduction of such evidence, notwithstanding how attractive the evidence might be to the prosecution in the context of its desire to make the most of its position. Campbell is a decision that underscores why the CJA provisions strike the appropriate balance between defendant interests and the jurys ability to fairly decide the case. The trial judge in Campbell permitted the jury to hear evidence of the defendants two prior convictions without permitting them to hear any other background into those earlier events. It is not surprising that after the judges charge to the jury, this question was asked by the jur y, â€Å"What was the significance of revealing the defendants two previous assault convictions? Anything else we should know?The introduction of a criminal conviction alone absent information that provides context to the events that led to the previous entry may result in a skewed understanding of the defendant that prejudices the defence position; the approved course by virtue of Campbell is that the jury should be warned not to attach too much weight to bad character evidence, let alone conclude that the defendant is guilty simply because of his bad character. The substantial probative value requirement for bad character evidence as confirmed in s. 101 (1) (e) reinforces the traditional bedrock proposition of criminal evidence admissibility – judges must ensure that the probative value exceeds its prejudicial effect. By placing this important principle within the seven avenue evidentiary gateway, the CJA achieves a comprehensive effect concerning the admissibility and appropriate evaluation of bad character evidence that the prior pastiche of common law principles and circumstance driven exceptions could never achieve. When all of the provisions discussed above are taken together, a clear picture is drawn of the over all effect of the CJA with respect to the admissibility of bad character evidence. The law has been made more certain, but not at the expense of trial or procedural fairness. Relevance and probative value are given their due, and the ability of the defence to counter evidence that passes the CJA standards is unimpaired by its approach as contained in sections 98 to 113. Bibliography Statutes and Rules considered Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982 Canada Evidence Act 1990 Criminal Justice Act 2003, ss. 98 -113 Criminal Procedure Rules, Part 35 Cases and reports considered A, R v [2001] 3 All ER 1 Boardman v DPP [1975] AC 421 Bovell and Dowds, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 1091 Campbell, R v [2007] 1 WLR 2798 Corbett , R. v. (1988) 41 C.C.C. (3d) 385 Edwards, Fysh Duggan Chohan, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 1813 Hanson, Gilmore and Pickstone, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 824 Highton, Van Nguyen and Carp, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 1985 Humphris, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2030 Maxwell v DPP [1935] AC 309 OBrien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2005] 2 WLR 1038 Renda Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2826 Weir Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2866 Authorities considered Allen, Christopher (2006) Evidence QA 2005-2006 6/e London: Cavendish Routledge Crown Prosecution Service (2008). Bad Character Evidence [online] Retrieved March 15, 2010 at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/bad_character_evidence/ Durston, Gregory (2004) ‘Bad character evidence and non-party witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 8, 4: 233-239 Law Commission Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedings (Report) [2001] EWLC 273(2) Fowles, Tony (2006) ‘Counterblast: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 The End of an Era? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 45, 1: 71-73 OBrian, William E. (2009) ‘The Right of Confrontation: US and European Perspectives Warwick S chool of Law Research (2005) 121 LQR 481-510 Spencer, J.R. (2006). Evidence of Bad Character. Oxford: Hart Publishing. E.g. Fowles, Tony (2006) ‘Counterblast: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 The End of an Era? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 45, 1: 71-73; OBrian, William E. (2009) ‘The Right of Confrontation: US and European Perspectives Warwick School of Law Research (2005) 121 LQR 481-510 The Bibliography reveals a large number of decisions in this area that were rendered between 2005 and 2007, the time frame within which the first trial decisions that applied the new CJA procedures were considered by the Court of Appeal. S.99 (1) CJA S.100 S. 101(1); the ‘gateways are subsections (a) through (g) Ss.98 to 113, CJA E.g. Escaping lawful custody or resisting arrest Maxwell v DPP [1935] AC 309 ; Lord Hailsham described the contests between prosecution and defence over propensity evidence as having left a â€Å"pitted battlefield † ( DPP v Boardman [1975] AC 421, 445), a testament to the historical importance of this issue in English law that underscores the significance of the CJA provisions Law Commission Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedings (Report) [2001] EWLC 273(2) Ss. 98, 112 Similar fact evidence admissibility (so called) was subject to the common law rules confirmed in Boardman v DPP [1975] AC 421, where the fundamental evidentiary test of prejudicial effect versus probative value applicable to all types of evidence generally governed similar fact admissibility Weir Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2866 Renda Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2826 By virtue of the combined operation of ss. 111(2), CJA and Part 35, Rules of Criminal Procedure ibid Ibid; see Hanson, [2005] EWCA Crim 824, para 117 Other Anglo-American jurisdictions such as Canada opted to enshrine full disclosure and prosecutorial notice in bad character evidence applications in their laws so me years ago. See Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s.7, the Canada Evidence Act, s. 12 and the leading case of Corbett (1988), 41 C.C.C. (3d) 385 at 399-401 See Humphris [2005] EWCA Crim 2030; Edwards [2005] EWCA Crim 1813; Bovell and Dowds [2005] EWCA Crim 1091, all cases that reinforce the relationship between procedural fairness and the s.111(2) CJA provisions S. 41 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act; see also Durston, Gregory (2004) ‘Bad character evidence and non-party witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 8, 4: 233-239 R v A [2001] 3 All ER 1 ibid Weir, para 73, 74 Ibid, 36; see also OBrien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2005] 2 WLR 1038 S.101 (1) (a) S.101 (g) S. 101 (c); the traditional rules concerning res gestae statements will form a part of this consideration Ss. 101 (d) and (e), respectively [2005] EWCA Crim 1813, para 70, 71 Ibid; an important weaknes s in the prior law is discussed in Crown Prosecution Service (2008). Bad Character Evidence [online] Retrieved March 15, 2010 at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/bad_character_evidence/, at part 2 (Principle); the prior law did not define what constituted background See e.g. Highton, Van Nguyen and Carp [2005] EWCA Crim 1985; see also generally Spencer, J.R. (2006). Evidence of Bad Character, c.1, 2 See Campbell [2007] 1 WLR 2798 Ibid Ibid, para 14 Ibid, para 45 Boardman , supra; see also Allen, Christopher (2006) Evidence QA 2005-2006 6/e Spencer, 4.20, 4.29

Societys Problem with Physical Appearance - 695 Words

I have five minutes to explain to you one of the most important yet ignored problems in society today. Today’s society has a problem with physical appearance. We are obsessed with it! Everything from our skin to the shape of our nose is under society’s microscope and qualifications of what beauty is. This is mainly due to magazines and other form of media that portray what is is seen as beautiful. Many magazines have ads for anti aging products and makeup to hide perceived imperfections that women have. I have personally had this experience walking down the cosmetic aisle at Target. Ads for makeup fill the hall with phrases such as â€Å"flawless finish† and â€Å"age defying† portraying and unrealistic view of what makeup actually does to your skin. With these phrases are pictures of models with the product who do in fact look â€Å"flawless† and â€Å"age defying†. However the model is â€Å"flawless† due to photoshop and â€Å"age defying† due to the fact that she is young. With this in mind, it is easy to see how ignorant our society has become to the portrayal of physical appearance. I feel that our society does not even realize how obsessed it is with physical appearance. According to the Chicago Tribune, Americans spend an annual 9 billion dollars on cosmetic surgery. Talk about an economic stimulus!! I know that in Orange County, plastic surgery is the norm. Everyone has some sort of â€Å"work† or â€Å"touch up done†. 1:50 Women walk the streets with fake and overinflated boobsShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1740 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor Toni Morrison uses the internalization of beauty standards and its effect on characters’ social interactions with the community to reveal society’s assumption that appearance is the decisive factor in determining one’s status and critique its detrimental effect on one’s personal identity. The overwhelming emphasis that society places on outward appearance has a negative impact on an individual’s sense of self-esteem and dignity by creating a standard to which one must conform, as well as a potentialRead MoreCharacter Aspects Of Physical Appearance903 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Over Physical Appearance. One time, there was a 26 years old women who had just finished her bachelor s degree. She is five feet six inches tall, and when she graduated, she weighed about 145 pounds. She has an athletic build, which is great, healthy weight at which she was pleased. She was so glad of herself and enthusiastic about starting her very first career. Her first appointment was at a small employment agency. After done filling out the paperwork, she was interviewed by a womanRead MoreHow Cosmetics Affect Confidence, Body Esteem, And Self Worth1338 Words   |  6 Pagespredate written history. In the name of beauty, extreme lengths have been taken, in order to fulfill societal expectations. How does the cultural focus on physical appearance affect women today? Cosmetics like facial foundation, mascara and eye shadow, and eyeliner, in addition to all the other products, are used to improve facial appearance. These things have become a regular pastime for some women. Even in ancient Egypt, they u sed Kohl as eyeliner. This is no new phenomenon. It is howeverRead MoreThe Medias Impossible Value Of Body Image1332 Words   |  6 Pagesundergo puberty. Throughout their adolescence, women are exposed to harsh opinions others have on their bodies and how they should carry themselves. Most importantly, women are exposed to society’s values through the use of media. Women begin to value their body image and force themselves to conform to society’s idea of the â€Å"perfect body†. Personally, I think of body image as a trouble of mine because I struggle to come to terms with not having a flawless figure. Each day, I see women on social mediaRead MoreThe Media Images Of Beauty1665 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause people have the freedom to decide, but the media largely influenced these choices on about beauty standard. Our advance of technology helps communicate with each other, but people are not fully aware of the influence of media. That is a major problem. The media broadcast images of beauty to control people consciously. Technological advance helps people to reach the information quickly and cumulatively, but media not always making people feel good about themselves. Most of the people experienceRead MoreBeauty in Photoshop by Adobe Commercial753 Words   |  3 PagesIn the commercial â€Å"Fotoshop by Adobe† Rosten effectively convinces his audience of the absurdity of society’s obsession with physical appearance and the beauty trick to appear more attractive by purchasing Photoshop. Rosten achieves this by applying emotional appeal, satire and hyperbole. Beauty is something that is largely considered a physical attribute. Beauty has and will always be desirable. Today society believes that beauty is the way to get attention and acceptance. Movies, magazines, musicRead MoreThe Sexualization Of Women And Girls1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe sexualization of women and girls surround Americans and is damaging to females a s well as to American society. Females receive the sexualized messages regarding their appearance and how they should act via the media, retailers, and American society’s acceptance of these behaviors. As a mother, Girl Scout Leader, and school paraprofessional I cannot help but to question are these messages inflicting psychological damage on girls? Whom can I hold accountable for sexualizing female youth? What canRead More Aneroxia Nervosa Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesperception of their weight and body shape. People with this illness believe themselves to be fat even when their weight is so low that their health is in danger† (Encarta). Eating disorders, such as Anorexia, are a major issue in society today due to society’s stereotypical view of women and young teenage girls, in, but many cases men are affected too. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anorexia Nervosa has been believed to be an illness that is primarily based in the mind, or an illness of psychological originRead MoreA Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez987 Words   |  4 Pagesangel to his chicken coop and locks him in for people to pay to witness him. Eventually, the angel grows back his feathers and flies away, relieving the family. In â€Å"A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings† by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Marquez portrays society’s need to be less selfish, not judge or assume immediately, and not discriminate based on differences. Marquez employs situational irony to characterize society in order to present the need for society to be less selfish and more helpful to othersRead MoreDefinition Of Beauty Essay749 Words   |  3 Pagesqualities that pleases our senses, mostly our sight. Despite this, throughout many years, the concept of beauty has been considered one of the hardest riddles to solve. This happens not only because of all of what it covers, but also because of society’s beauty patterns. Society has been in charge in making people, mostly girls, to feel inferior because they do not complete this â€Å"beauty standards† in order to be considered beautiful. We need to be clear in stating that beauty is not an objective

Causes Of The American Revolution - 1344 Words

American Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the American Revolution was the environment. It was called the â€Å"silence pressure† because it supported the creation of an American character with less limits than those in Europe. In the beginning of colonial growth, the environment (land and the absence of†¦show more content†¦His writings had a great impact in the perception of the leaders of America. John Locke was an English philosopher who highly influenced the Founding Fathers. He highly believed in natural science and in the growing middle class and represented the principles of the Enlightenment. In an essay Locke wrote concerning human understanding in 1690, Locke denied the idea of native beliefs and argued that every individual is born with a blank mind and that it is the environment that shapes the individual. Thom as Hobbes s belief that kings govern by divine power was rejected by Locke. He believed that every human being was born equal and that the surroundings in the environment was what molded everyone. Locke argued that people are blessed with some natural rights such as liberty, life, and property. Locke was the philosopher that exposed the concept of governmental checks and balances which later became the foundation for the U. S. Constitution. Self-Government or â€Å"Salutary Neglect† was the third factor that contributed to the American Revolution between 1619 to 1776. Salutary neglect allowed the colonists to experience self-government. When it ended, the colonists were upset because they wanted self- government. Self government was very important because it would serve as a future blueprint for the constitution of the United States of America. Salutary neglect ended in 1763 because they needed money to pay for the expenses of the French and Indian War. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. It was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, there’s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The revolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between resid ents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution738 Words   |  3 Pagesas the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was a war between the colonists of America and Great Britain and they were fighting over the independence of America from Britain. This war lasted until 1781, when the British surrendered to the Americans, As a result, America is a fully independent country and it has stayed that way since that day. There were many causes of the war, The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Lexington and Concord. The first cause of theRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pages While the american revolution was caused from taxes, it was also formed from the effects of a corrupt system of government. The effects of britains rule was a much bigger flame for the revolution then the taxes placed upon citizens. The american revolution was an event that will forever shape us as a country. It was a tough war filled with blood and brutal acts of violence, but it was also an awakening for the colonies that will later become the United States, it showed that while under a governmentRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The American Revolution is the most important time in all of American history. This brought the birth of a new country and the treasured constitution. In the beginning, colonists were proud to be British. In the years to come, there were small occurrences that bothered the colonists and led to the Revolution. Other countries contributed to the start of a crueller British control. The French and Indian War caused King George III to introduce expensive taxes (Pavao). These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCaus es Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe American revolution, the war that helped make America what it is today. However, America did not become the land of the free and home of the brave overnight. Like many wars before, one single event did not cause the American Revolution. After years of disagreement on how Britain should rule the American colonies, the colonists declared their independence and sparked a revolution. By the late 1600s, England pushed to strengthen their control over the existing American colonies by enforcing mercantilism

Guantanamo Bay And Human Rights Essay - 2246 Words

Guantanamo Bay and Human Rights Guantanamo Bay, which is a detention camp located in Cuba, is always a controversy human-right related topic. People always refer Guantanamo as one of the worst prison in the world. Many people believe that the Guantanamo violates human rights; the prisoners in Guantanamo are treated inhumanely comparing to the other prisons located in the United States. Some argue that U.S. should close Guantanamo while the other say it should remain open. The goal of this paper is to investigate how Guantanamo violates human right and why the United States government should close it. It will discuss some solutions to end torturing the detainees in Guantanamo. Furthermore, it will explain the difficulties of closing Guantanamo Bay and the underlying reasons behind it. In this research paper, I will first present a brief history and facts of Guantanamo Bay. Answering the questions about what is Guantanamo and what it is for. Next, I will discuss how Guantanamo has viol ated human rights and how Guantanamo tortures the detainees with three shocking examples. The next subtopic is several reasons to close Guantanamo Bay majorly due to human rights violation. The fourth subtopic investigates why Guantanamo Bay is still remained open with multiple reasons. Finally, I will end this research paper with discussing the future trends of closing Guantanamo regarding Obama and Trump presidency. HISTORY AND FACT The Guantanamo Bay is a U.S. military base inShow MoreRelatedGuantanamo Bay and Human Rights Violations by the United States1536 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is originally a naval base that was once used to house detention facilities for Haitian and Cuban refugees fleeing to the United States. It was also used as a refueling station for Navy ships. It was then converted into a high level detention facility to house enemy troops captured in the War on Terror campaign by Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfield. It has three main camps that house the prisoners. These prisoners of war were later referred to as enemy combatantsRead MoreThe Rights Of Guantanamo Bay1135 Words   |  5 Pages Guantanamo Bay was attained by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903, when he signed an agreement with the Cuban government leasing the land in return for 2,000 gold coins a year. For years after the agreement was signed, Guantanamo Bay was used as a naval base, as well as to spy on Communist Cuba in the 1930’s. In November of 1991, an overthrow of the Haitian government left thousands of Haitians fleeing dictatorship. The Bush Administratio n announced that it would erect a â€Å"tent shelter† in order to houseRead MoreSpencer Hogue. February 27, 2017. Instructor: Mrs. Nutter.1584 Words   |  7 PagesSpencer Hogue February 27, 2017 Instructor: Mrs. Nutter English 121 The War on Terror Through the Lens of Guantanamo Bay You wake up in a dimly-lit room laying down, your back flat on a cold table, facing unfamiliar men standing over you. You attempt to move, but your arms and legs are strapped down leaving you completely defenseless. Panicking, you begin to scream, but your screams are cut short as a wet cloth is laid over your face. You feel water being poured over the cloth and you begin choking;Read MoreGuantanamo Bay Is Not Cool852 Words   |  4 PagesGuantanamo Bay is Not Cool America is better off if Guantanamo Bay was shut down. The Politics of Guantà ¡namo. The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 18 Oct. 2014. Web. Nov. 2015.1 President Obama called for Guantanamo Bay to be shut down back in 2009. It is now 2015 and Guantanamo Bay is still open and still holding many types of prisoners. Guantanamo Bay mainly holds suspected terrorists, but also holds other types of prisoners. Prisoners being held captive have been imprisoned and have yetRead MoreFreedom From The Guantanamo Bay Prison1304 Words   |  6 PagesIs there enough unfair detainment and torture at the Guantanamo Bay prison to shut it down? Many of the prisoners that are held there are subject to torture and unfair imprisonment, which violates two human rights. This is a vital reason for closing the Guantanamo Bay prison. Freedom from torture is an important human right because if we didn’t have it, even more people would be in unnecessary and excruciating pain, and even in prison, people deserve a certain amount of comfort in their daily lifeRead MoreWhat Is Guantanamo Bay?1611 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Guantanamo Bay? Guantanamo Bay is known for how they torture and interrogate terrorist, Guantanamo Bay is a military ran prison located at the Gitmo naval base in Cuba, Guantanamo Bay is also known as Gitmo. (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, n.d.) Guantanamo Bay was constructed in different phases in two thousand and two. When it was first constructed it was used to house Muslims who were suspected of being terrorist and where captured by the U.S. in Afghanistan. Guantanamo was basicallyRead MoreComparison: Bush v. Obama and Guantanamo Detention Center1172 Words   |  5 Pagespolicies was the operation of the Guantanamo Bay detention center. While it has had far reaching domestic effects it is still a foreign policy issue by nature. The prisoners that have been held in Guantanamo come from all over the world, including Algeria, China, and Pakistan. The governments of these countries and many others are interested in seeing Guantanamo Bay emptied and shut down, either because they have ci tizens who are being held there or because of the human rights’ abuses that have been perpetratedRead MoreEssay on Guantanamo Bay: The Thorn in America’s Side1141 Words   |  5 Pagesenduring abuse and humiliation at the hands of his captors, he finally ending up in Guantanamo Bay. There he was held without trial, prosecution, or evidence for four years (Zaeef 1-25). These circumstances have become commonplace at Guantanamo in recent years. Despite claims, by the United States government, that Guantanamo enforces the security of both America and the world, the detention center should be shut down. Guantanamo should be shut down because it highlights America’s negative side, poses severalRead MoreThe Raising Issues Of Guantanamo Bay1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Raising Issues Of Guantanamo Bay The issues that have had cause a lot of controversy since 2002.The closing of Guantanamo Bay has led to be the most reported prison that’s held prisoners against their own will. Due to against war on terror, but has yet most detainees havn’t been charged. We wonder in the closing of Guantanamo Bay who will it affect, what will happen, when will the closing of Guantanamo Bay takes place, and how will this play a role in the world today. If President Obama choosesRead MoreMental Health Services At The Detention Hospital965 Words   |  4 Pagesin Guantanamo Bay article, it covers the treatment of detainees and the use of mental health officials in the military setting. The American Psychological Association questions whether it is ethical for psychologists to participate in nontraditional clinical activities. The detainees of Guantanamo Bay are sent to officials through a referral process and are provided with multiple psychological and psychiatric therapies. The purpose of this study, was to address the situation at Guantanamo Bay and

Tea Crops Lead to Deforestation Essay - 1376 Words

Local land changes have left everlasting impacts on global commodities which contributes to the scrutiny of both the developing and developed nations. Although tea has fundamentally become one of the most sought after commodities not only here in North America; it has also sparked and gained a global desire as well. Conceived from the plant Camellia Sinensis and extracted from various countries throughout the world, we see the demand increasing by the day. This increase shows the importance and value in an escalating manner. On the other side of the curtain or behind the backs of consumers; some to the disarray may not be accustomed to or even brought to terms with land changing impacts? In fact, it’s quite interesting the†¦show more content†¦There are many pressing concerns that need to be addressed for tea production such as the unforeseen land use impacts of deforestation and how maintaining these cash crops in fact is an issue. Deforestation is attributable to th e extraction and production processes of tea during the point of drying the leaves to produce the tea itself but also the effect of water catchment loss and loss of habitat losses. Through the use of independent studies one is able to discover come to the realm of the issues to see in fact who should actually be concerned. These issues are compounded by changes in land use/land cover, which in turn are driven mainly by economic population growth, and urbanization. Through the land changing impacts it trickles down even through the smallest of cases all the way to the consumer’s hands or cup. There are also pressing concern, about erosion and degradation to the soil by which these tea plants are being grown in such large quantities. These concerns will address how producers are able to stay afloat, but also to keep consumers on board to promote social and economic sufficient practices to the availability of the commodity. How long do these tea producing countries want to rely on degrading their soils for the exports of their primary goods? Tea is used as a cash crop which means tea is grown in the periphery areas of Africa, Asia, and sold to other countries through exportation.Show MoreRelatedCauses of Deforestation Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages Farming Cash crops such as coffee, sugar, tea and tobacco are easy to grow and create quick income for a poor country like Brazil, home to the Amazon rainforest. The rainforests are cleared for commercial farming of these crops, which are then exported cheaply to Western countries. More recently, the illegal drug cocaine has become a popular cash crop and there are no ways to enforce laws to prevent this happening. Not only are the crops exported to Western countriesRead MoreQs on Forests4908 Words   |  20 Pagesto European planters at cheap rates. They had cut down the forest for land to start the plantation. This was another way for deforestation. Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for the plantation of tea, coffee and rubber to meet the growing demands of these commodities in European countries (Q.)Can you relate the progress of railways with the idea of deforestation in colonial period? Explain. (1 Mark) (Ans)  Ã‚   1) Railways were essential forcolonial trade and for the movement of imperialRead MoreCauses and Effects of Watershed Degradation7239 Words   |  29 PagesINTRODUCTION Page 4 - 6 2. Causes of Watershed Degradation Page 7 2.1 Land degradation 7 - 8 2.2 Deforestation 8 2.3 Removal of vegetation 8 2.4 Shifting cultivation without adequate fallow periods 9 2.5 Overgrazing 9 2.6 Poor farming methods 9 - 10 2.7 Cultivation of marginal lands 10 - 11 2.8 Improper crop rotations 11 2.9 Unbalanced fertilizer use 11 2.10 Pests and diseases 11 3. Underlying causesRead MoreSome Environmental Problems in Viet Nam Today4242 Words   |  17 PagesThe paper highlighted those stresses : the rural exodus to the cities due to scarce land resources in the countryside, the pollution problems in the urban environment, the migration of people to forested areas with direct impacts including the deforestation, the watershed degradation and the loss of biodiversity. Striking a balance between population growth and conserving the natural resources are necessary for a sustainable development which is to move away from resource exploitation and more towardRead MoreReasons of Businesses Conducting Operations in Third World Countries1696 Words   |  7 Pagesthird world countries. Ethical Implications of Businesses Polluting in a Third World Country There are several problems been aroused due to industrial wastes and garbage. These problems include water pollution, air pollution, desertification, deforestation, soil erosion and poisoning of the environment. Most of the industrial wastes are dumped into rivers that made it highly polluted. For example, the New River that flows from Northern Mexico to Southern California is considered to be the mostRead MoreThe Heroes Of Elephants From The Early Movies Of The Disney1824 Words   |  8 Pagesthe loss of habitat. Throughout the tropical regions of Asia, humans have cleared large areas of forest and river valleys for settlement (AMNH.org, par. 3). The World Wildlife Fund states that large industrial and development projects such as dams, tea and coffee plantations, roads, and railway lines have broken up what was once elephant habitats into small fragments (par. 1). This fragmentation process hinders the seasonal migration and breeding of the clan. In addition, habitat loss also affectsRead MoreCase Study : Starbucks And Second Cup3253 Words   |  14 Pagesbusiness in the world. The demand of tea and coffee is increasing with the changing trend of the society. The consumption of coffee an d tea is higher than other beverages. The coffee industries have number of social, economic and environmental issues. In the following paragraph we will state the major social, economic and environmental issues. Issues of coffee industry 1. Social issues: - Coffee is seasonal crop. Farmer’s livelihood is totally dependent on coffee crops. They earn money by planting coffeeRead MoreJames Finlays Attachment8695 Words   |  35 PagesLimited P. O. Box 71 Kericho. Kericho 20200 Kericho 20155-9 Mobile No 0722202365/6 Kenya The company is located in Southern Rift valley, Kericho District, six kilometers eastwards from Kericho town. I was Offered a placement at finance Department (Leaf Tea accounts),for a period of three month my Host supervisor Being Rose Koech holding a position of senior Assistant Accountant. CHAPTER ONE: 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Swire group. John Swire and sons LimitedRead MoreSustainable Tea at Unilever10669 Words   |  43 PagesrP os t 9-712-438 REV: DECEMBER 21, 2011 REBECCA M. HENDERSON FREDERIK NELLEMANN Sustainable Tea at Unilever op yo To survive and prosper over the long term, learn how to adapt your business model by making it servant to society and the environment. Not the other way around. — Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever In 2010 Unilever announced its commitment to a new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan†, a document that set wide-ranging company-wide goals for improving the health and well-beingRead MoreCase Study : Starbucks And Second Cup2768 Words   |  12 PagesRecommendations for Second Cup: 13 â€Æ' Introduction We are chosen two company of coffee industries Starbucks and Second cup. The coffee industries are doing profitable business in the world. The demand of tea and coffee is increasing with the changing trend of the society. The consumption of coffee and tea is high then other beverages. The coffee industries are number of social, economic and environmental issues. In the following paragraph I will state the major social, economic and environmental issues

Third Out Of Class Essay Free Essays

Body The body of your essay will provide specific and relevant details that develop and support your opinion on the topic. The details should be reasons supportable with facts, not more opinions. The body paragraphs will examine each fact you are presenting and explain to readers how this fact (or set of multiple facts) relates to our thesis (point or opinion). We will write a custom essay sample on Third Out Of Class Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your thesis in some manner. (See Chapters 53 and 54 in LB Brief. ) You must cite and list all the texts you use as sources and list them at the end of your essay. See Chapter 56, â€Å"MALL Documentation and Format,† in LB Brief for guidelines and directions. Most of your body paragraphs will begin with a statement of a reason for the position you are taking on the topic. The sentences that follow will offer specific details about the topic and related texts to support, clarify, and emphasize your thesis. Wrap up the paragraph by showing the readers that the details do in fact provide credible purport for your opinion and reasoning. Each paragraph should fulfill a different purpose in support of your thesis. You must now explain how the ideas in these texts (sources) relate to your ideas (see pages 102-104 in LB Brief). Choose among the following, as appropriate for the particular source and your thesis: (1) Explain why you agree with the author and relate his or her ideas to your thesis. You must do more than simply repeat the author’s ideas and support. You need to extend the author’s ideas and relate them to topics the author does not mention. 2) Agree with the author on some ideas but disagree on others as they relate to your thesis. Be specific about which ideas you accept and which ideas you do not accept. (3) Focus on only one point the author makes and explain why you disagree with him or her on that point as it relates to your thesis. (4) Explain how the author gets his or her points across, and comment on whether you think the author’s strategies are effective and why you think so. (5) Focus on only one strategy the author uses and explain how it serves (or fails to serve) the author’s purpose. Cite specific sections of the text that illustrate and evolve your critique. Relate the explanation to your own opinion on the topic. You develop a thesis by (1) giving the reasons for the position you are taking, (2) then backing up those reasons with factual details, and (3) then explaining how those details relate to your thesis or position. The body paragraphs will consist of different approaches to developing your thesis. See pages 53-59 in LB Brief, and use two or more of the following strategies: Narration: retelling a story, anecdote, or historical event that supports the trustworthiness of your thesis readers to comprehend your point Illustration: presenting specific examples or instances that back up your main idea Definition: identifying boundaries, contrasting things that might be wrongly mistaken for each other, clarifying abstract or complex terms Analysis: dividing a topic or text into its logical parts to show readers how the parts relate to each other, or looking at a familiar topic or text from an unusual angle to show that it is more complex or simple than the readers might have at first thought Classification: listing the types, sorts, classes, levels, kinds, or genres of a topic to identify more easily understood â€Å"pockets† for further discussion Comparison: comparing or contrasting two or more topics to highlight qualities that support your idea or making an analogy, explaining something unknown or complicated by comparing it to something readers already know and understand Cause-and-effect analysis: dividing causes from effects to explain how or why something relating to your idea happened or might happen Process analysis: dividing a process into steps, phases, or stages to help readers understand its connection to your thesis Make sure that you use transitions and other devices for coherence that help readers e how one sentence relates to the next and how one paragraph relates to the next, as well as to your overall point. See Chapter 7 (â€Å"Paragraphs†) in LB Brief to learn some strategies for achieving unity and coherence. Conclusion Your conclusion should probably be the shortest section of your essay, comprising about a tenth of the whole (120-240 words). Pages 62-63 in LB Brief list some helpful strategies for concluding your essay. The main reason for a conclusion is to let readers know that you have (you hope) fully supported your opinion with the relevant available facts and that your opinion on the topic is important for them to consider. Due Date/Grading You must bring a thesis statement for this synthesis essay (typed, double-spaced, in MALL format) on Wednesday, 29 October. How to cite Third Out Of Class Essay, Essays

Cost Reduction With Cloud Computing And Virtualization On Server

Question: Discuss about the Cost Reduction With Cloud Computing And Virtualization On Server Deployment. Answer: Introduction According to Malhotra et al. (2014), cloud computing is an emerging technology based on shared infrastructure and virtualization models. Basically, cloud computing involves apportioning computing resources over the Internet and is among the most advantageous technology extensively used globally. Virtualization on the other hand, plays a key role in cloud computing by providing computing services and virtual storage for customers. This literature review discusses the significance of virtualization and cloud computing especially in server deployment and also examines ways to reduce costs on installing them. Virtualization in Cloud Computing National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) define cloud computing as a model for permitting universal, appropriate, network access to computing resources including networks, storage, servers, applications, product and services. Cloud computing services are provided in form of three major standardized models including Software as a Service (SaaS), the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS) models. Virtualization on the other hand, enables several Virtual Machines (VMs) to run on a single physical machine usually referred to as a host machine and share its resources. This enables a sole physical computer to host several virtual machines, applications and operating systems minus additional costs and difficulties that may result from executing many physical servers on their own (Tupakula Varadharajan, 2011). Efficient cloud computing requires virtualization. Cloud Computing and Virtualization in Amazon One of the leading web services provider, Amazon offers computing services and products at a large scale. According to Brodkin (2009), Amazon Web Services, is among the major pace setters in web based computing providing data storage space, cloud computing services, general products and simple queue services which is a hosted service for stowing messages transiting among devices on the network. In 2006, Amazon launched the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) a cloud computing platform before its opponents (Brodkin, 2009). EC2 depends on virtualization to implement its instances. SQL Server deployment in a Virtualized Environment Microsoft SQL Server, usually offered in two core editions including standard and enterprise is gradually being installed in virtualized settings (Sarddar Bose, 2014). SQL Server provides extended virtualization options, and provides better elasticity and flexibility for consumers and businesses deploying applications in virtual environments (Microsoft Corporation, 2017). In deploying SQL Server applications in virtualized environments, consumers can choose either to license single virtual machines as required, or license for highly virtualized, dynamic environments and private clouds. With virtualization the number of servers required to process a specific amount of workload is reduced. It may seem like implementing virtualization technology is expensive at first, since SQL Server licensing is still required if not using the SQL Server Enterprise Edition, but the benefits pay off later (Campbell, 2015). Therefore with virtualization, an organization will only use and license the ne cessary SQL Server processing power generally reducing overall cost. Not implementing virtualization will hence increase overall costs to almost double. Processor Speeds and Server Performance According to Campbell (2015), organizations need to purchase and utilize expensive processors in order to save costs when deploying and licensing physical servers. If the servers are licensed for each core, then it is better to ensure the high speed processors go with them. Buying cheaper average speed processors would not be a good balancing mechanism for the server deployment and effectiveness. Significance of Virtualization in Cloud Computing Virtualization conceptualizes computing resources Virtualization allows quick resource scaling Without virtualization, cloud computing is difficult and inefficient Cloud effectiveness is available in virtualized settings Review Analysis Virtualization as a technology is very significant to modern cloud computing infrastructure. Virtualized infrastructure delivers abstraction layers among computing hardware, networking hardware, storage hardware and the all applications running on it. However, virtualization is not a faultless solution because it brings challenges on security and enterprise systems management. Cost Considerations To be able to reduce costs in server deployment, businesses should ensure they are running the right edition depending on their business needs and requirements. Perform database compression to reduce the storage space required by the servers and perform backup. Perform server consolidation procedures to enable the processing of the same amount of workload on much fewer server applications. Server consolidation can be done in several ways including workloads integration, merging many server instances, and virtualization. These usually reduce the number of servers necessary at the same time reducing the required server licenses. This greatly reduces total operation and processing costs for businesses. Challenges with Cloud computing and Virtualization A number of challenges exist with both virtualization and cloud computing. Security remains to be a major issue in these technologies. Other issues include network and storage problems, core support and VMs management (Soluade Opara, 2013). Further research and review is therefore recommended by the researcher, to look into existing security features for both, study and propose better security frameworks in the future. Conclusion Theres no denying that emerging technologies have greatly improved business functions. Cloud computing has allowed business enterprises to store, access, update data and info in one place. Though different, cloud computing and virtualization form a symbiotic relationship and one is only better implemented with the other. Businesses are continually taking up strides to embrace technology such as emerging technologies in a bid to thrive and survive. As such, the demand to install and utilize emerging technologies is on the rise. However, organizations need to weigh their IT asset deployment measures since they are diverse and costly. It is important that businesses select the best and manageable measures in terms of cost, performance and processing workload requirements. References Brodkin, J. (2009). 10 cloud computing companies to watch. Retrieved from https://www.networkworld.com/article/2268033/virtualization/virtualization-10-cloud-computing-companies-to-watch.html Campbell, M. (2015) SQL Server PRO: Save Thousands in Licensing Costs for SQL Server Always On Availability Groups. Retrieved from https://sqlmag.com/blog/save-thousands-licensing-costs-sql-server-alwayson-availability-groups Gurav, U., Shaikh, R. (2010). Virtualization A key feature of cloud computing. Proceedings of the International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology (ICWET 2010) (pp. 227-229). Mumbai, Maharashtra, India: Association for Computing Machinery Microsoft Corporattion. (2017). Microsoft SQL Server Licensing Guide (2017). Malhotra, L., Agarwal, D., Jalswal, A. (2014). Virtualization in Cloud Computing. J Inform Tech Softw Eng 4: 136. doi:10.4172/2165-7866.1000136. Ryan, S., Jiangchuan, L. (2012). Understanding the Impact of Denial of Service Attacks on Virtual Machines. Journal of the IEEE. Soluade, O., Opara, E. (2013). Effect of Virtualization on Enterprise Network, Server/Desktop Systems on Small and Mid-Size Businesses (SMB). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009context=jitim Tupakula, U., Varadharajan, V. (2011). Trusted Virtual Domain Security. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 57-63.

Is Lord of the Flies a Searching Examination of Human Nature Essay Example

Is Lord of the Flies a Searching Examination of Human Nature? Paper Is ‘Lord of the Flies’ a searching examination of human nature? â€Å"Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything. † These are lines taken from chapter 2 of the novel ‘Lord of the Flies’. To show the change in the character and the situation through the novel here is another quote from the last chapter of the novel, â€Å"I should have thought,† said the officer as he visualized the search before him, â€Å"I should have thought that a pack of British boys you’re all British aren’t you? would have been able to put up a better show than that I mean†. The novel shows itself to be a lot of things, a comment on war, an adventure novel or a statement of character. Through the book Golding attempts to not only warn us about the consequences of another war, but also enables us to view an array of different personalities and people profiles. Yes, ‘Lo rd of the Flies’ is a searching examination of human nature, where from the reader not only gets an authorial opinion on various types of people but also get to, for themselves, form an image of the individualities of each and every character. The arguable protagonist of the novel is Ralph, a rational and democratic leader who is somewhat obsessed with the fire. In the start of the novel he too is indifferent towards the easy target Piggy, but slowly learns to respect him. It is Ralph who initially keeps the boys focused on their goal of being rescued, but as his mind gets clouded so does his objective. Golding shows Ralph to be the civilised man, an evolved creature who conforms to society but still has his flaws. Ralph shows his flaws when he continues to disregard Piggy’s asthma by saying, â€Å"Sucks to your as-mar! whenever the topic is broached. He also shows poor judgement when he gives into his primitive instincts and participates in the killing of Simon. Ralph to the reader symbolises the leader who is civilised and dedicated but can often slip-up and make mistakes. His relatable reactions and simple solutions represent a man of will, who is defeated by circumstance. He wants to let the fire continue but h as too little manpower to do so, but still persists on finding a solution the next day. We also see him to be delusional at times, like when the curtain flickers in his brain and he is unable to think. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Lord of the Flies a Searching Examination of Human Nature? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Lord of the Flies a Searching Examination of Human Nature? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Lord of the Flies a Searching Examination of Human Nature? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His biggest moment of what can be called stupidity is when he says, â€Å"Supposing we go, looking like we used to, washed and hair brushed after all we aren’t savages really and being rescued isn’t a game†. He believes that despite the savagery that has spread through Jack and this tribe they will listen to him if he takes a shower, it is possibly his biggest moment of failure. Through the same instance we see another trait of human nature in him which is desperation. Ralph is trying to cling on to any little form of order and hope that he can muster. He hopes to win the other boys over with his endeavour to appeal to the little remnants of civilisation. Another striking event that stands out with respect to Ralph is when he slaughters â€Å"the beast†, he is the one trying to establish decorum and it is he who destroys the reason for chaos. To contrasts Ralph as the civilised human being Golding creates Jack, the adversary. Ironically a choir boy, Jack slowly turns out to be tyrannical dictator and comes to represent the evil or the ruthless side of human nature. At first, Jack goes along with Ralph and allows himself to be appeased as the head of the hunters. He is content with his position and desperately tries to gather meat. His first attempt at killing the animal is disastrous not due to lack of skill, but because he still has some conscience left in him and is actually scared of committing the murder. He also says that while he hunts he feels like he is â€Å"being hunted†. This shows the last fragments of humanity left in him. He turns into an almost repulsive animal at the end of the novel. Golding shows man’s primitive instincts in Jack, his need for food, power and blood. We often wonder from where the deep seethed blackness appears in Jack. I can only speculate that the intensive education provided to him in the church results in a catastrophic rebellion where Jack loses all sense of sanity and conforms to the baser human. Towards the end of the novel Jack is adhered to as the chief and everyone on the island fears him. He hates Piggy from the very beginning and is fearful of his intelligence. He knows that Piggy’s rationality could be responsible for his downfall and could harm his dictatorship. He is envious of his superiority. â€Å"His tone conveyed a warning, given out of the pride of ownership, and the boys ate faster while there was still time. † Jack establishes his authority through brutality and force. He symbolises the savage and primitive part of human nature. His interactions with others more or less result in a display of rage and anger and he pitilessly forces the others to adhere to him. He orders the murder of Simon, the theft of Piggy’s glasses and even asks for Ralph’s life. Golding, through him examines, in depth the evil within man and the ugly part of the human mind. Another character that Golding uses to further examine the human race is that of Piggy. Through this â€Å"fat boy† the author shows rationality, reason, science and intelligence. Piggy along with his specs is the symbol of wisdom and provides an outlook into scientific man. Despite his intelligence, Piggy has his short comings; he has asthma and is a social outcast due to his superior intellect. He is fear full of Jack and even says, â€Å"We should fear each other†. His character gives the reader yet another example of a different type of human being, one who is above the rest intellectually but suffers from isolation and anxiety. Through him, Golding dives deeper into the psyche of a visionary. While Piggy, as a character does lend himself to the examination of human nature, his death too is a fine example of Golding’s thesis. When Piggy is killed by the stone which is rolled down we see no humanity left within these boys. We see only Ralph grieving the loss of a great friend, but everybody else especially Jack is oblivious. This shows us the common feeling of envy within man. All the boys were jealous of Piggy, his glasses and his intelligence. The Conch too shatters with Piggy which further accentuates the dilapidation of civilisation on the island, it also highlights man’s complete disregard for rules and his natural instinct to rebel. If Jack is part of darkest hues in the character palate, and Ralph can be painted in shades of grey, Simon resembles the purity of white. In Simon Golding explores the spiritual and innately good part of the human heart. Simon thinks only for the good of all, he practices meditation and sacrifices himself in an endeavour to save everybody. He is close to nature and is the only one who has a conversation with the sow. It is Simon, who understands the universal truth that it is not each other that we should fear nor I it some third person, but it is the evil within us that will eventually kill us all. It is rather unfortunate that this extraordinary, Christ-like figure is continually marginalised and is at the end murdered unfeelingly. In him Golding pictures the saint, the pure visionary who knows the truth. His character highlights the differently abled or the higher human nature, one which connects with God and Nature. With respect to Simon it is not only he who is a specimen to investigate human nature for Golding, but his interactions with the sow’s head and his death too focus on some other human traits. For example when he talks to the sow he displays a curtain of bravery which could be taken as the bravery of a martyr or the facade of a coward. His death however, according to me displays the most range of human emotions. The act itself shows primitive violence and carnal needs at its very roots. The reaction of the boys to the death is indifferent and they go on like nothing has happened, it shows that the different and often better people are always thrown away. It also shows the human habit of denial, where all the boys including Ralph completely deny any part in the killing. In the book, Simon is shown to be a true unsung martyr. The littluns in the book resemble the common man in society and his reflex reaction to conform, whereas the other bigguns resemble the followers and tails of the leaders. A biggun who distinctly stands out is Roger, he acts as second in command to Jack and it is he who is responsible for Piggy’s death. All the boys fight for power, they all want to control something. The sow shows the need for security, the Conch the superficial need for rules and the glasses the human need for technology. Through the novel, ‘Lord of the Flies’ Golding not only dives into the human mind, heart and soul by means of implication, but provides the reader with concrete examples and instances where the various facets of human nature are displayed. It is ironic that when â€Å"the beast† is killed by Jack the fire begins to destroy, and it is the fire, not one of hope but one of destruction that leads to the rescue of the boys. Through all these examples from the text I can without a doubt say that the novel is truly a fine example of an in-depth analysis of human nature. It makes a powerful impact on the reader and gives them food for thought. It makes us think of not only the various possibilities but also the extent to which the human mind and its essential evil nature can raise a storm and leave a pile of destruction behind.

The History Behind the Invention of Gas Masks

The History Behind the Invention of Gas Masks Inventions that aid and protect the ability to breathe in the presence of gas, smoke or other poisonous fumes were being made before the first use of modern chemical weapons. Modern chemical warfare began on April 22, 1915, when German soldiers first used chlorine gas to attack the French in Ypres. But long before 1915, miners, firemen and underwater divers all had a need for helmets that could provide breathable air. Early prototypes for gas masks were developed to meet those needs. Early Fire Fighting and Diving Masks In 1823, brothers  John and Charles Deane patented a smoke protecting apparatus for firemen that was later modified for underwater divers. In 1819, Augustus Siebe marketed an early diving suit. Siebes suit included a helmet in which air was pumped via a tube to the helmet and spent air escaped from another tube. The inventor founded Siebe, Gorman, and Co to develop and manufacture respirators for a variety of purposes and was later instrumental in developing defense respirators. In 1849, Lewis P. Haslett patented an Inhaler or Lung Protector, the first U.S. patent (#6529) issued for an air purifying respirator. Hasletts device filtered dust from the air. In 1854, Scottish chemist John Stenhouse invented a simple mask that used charcoal to filter noxious gasses. In 1860, Frenchmen, Benoit Rouquayrol, and Auguste Denayrouze invented the Rà ©sevoir-Rà ©gulateur, which was intended for use in rescuing miners in flooded mines. The Rà ©sevoir-Rà ©gulateur could be used underwater. The device was made up of a nose clip and a mouthpiece attached to an air tank that the rescue worker carried on his back. In 1871, British physicist John Tyndall invented a firemans respirator that filtered air against smoke and gas. In 1874, British inventor  Samuel Barton patented a device that permitted respiration in places where the atmosphere is charged with noxious gasses, or vapors, smoke, or other impurities, according to U.S. patent #148868. Garrett Morgan American  Garrett Morgan patented the Morgan safety hood and smoke protector in 1914. Two years later, Morgan made national news when his gas mask was used to rescue 32 men trapped during an explosion in an underground tunnel 250 feet beneath Lake Erie. The publicity led to the sale of the safety hood to firehouses across the United States. Some historians cite the Morgan design as the basis for early U.S. army gas masks used during WWI. Early air filters include simple devices such as a soaked handkerchief held over the nose and mouth. Those devices evolved into various hoods worn over the head and soaked with protective chemicals. Goggles for the eyes and later filters drums were added. Carbon Monoxide Respirator The British built a carbon monoxide respirator for use during WWI  in 1915, before the first use of chemical gas weapons. It was then discovered that unexploded enemy shells gave off high enough levels of carbon monoxide to kill soldiers in the trenches, foxholes and other contained environments. This is similar to the dangers of the exhaust from a car with its engine turned on in an enclosed garage. Cluny Macpherson Canadian  Cluny Macpherson designed a fabric smoke helmet with a single exhaling tube that came with chemical sorbents to defeat the airborne chlorine used in the gas attacks. Macphersons designs were used and modified by allied forces and are considered the first to be used to protect against chemical weapons. British Small Box Respirator In 1916, the Germans added larger air filter drums containing gas neutralizing chemicals to their respirators. The allies soon added filter drums to their respirators as well. One of the most notable gas masks used during WWI was the British Small Box Respirator or SBR designed in 1916. The SBR was probably the most reliable and heavily used gas masks used during WWI.

Themes of Shakespeares Comedy Measure for Measure

Themes of Shakespeares Comedy Measure for Measure Shakespeares Measure for Measure offers a number of themes, including: Judgment and PunishmentSexMarriageReligionThe Role of the Female Judgment and Punishment Measure for Measure asks the audience to consider how and to what extent one person can judge another. Just because someone holds a position of power doesnt indicate that the person is morally superior. The play questions whether it is possible to legislate issues of morality and how to do so. Had Claudio been executed, he would have left Juliet with a child and a tattered reputation. She would have no way to look after the child. Angelo was clearly in the wrong morally, but he was given a job to do and followed through. He wasn’t going to legislate against himself. The Duke has fallen in love with Isabella, Claudios sister, so  his decisions regarding punishment for Claudio and Angelo may have been skewed. The play suggests that people should be answerable for their sins but should receive the same treatment as they provided. Treat others as you would like to be treated, and if you commit a sin, expect to pay for it. Sex Sex is the main driver of the action in this play. In Vienna, illicit sex and prostitution are major social problems, resulting in illegitimacy and disease. This too is a concern for Shakespeare’s London, especially with the plague, as sex could result in death. Mistress Overdone represents the casual access to sex in the play. Claudio is sentenced to death by beheading for impregnating  his fiancà ©e. Isabella is told she can save her brother by having sex with Angelo, but she risks spiritual death and the death of her reputation. The play questions whether it is right for government to legislate against sexuality. Marriage Shakespeare’s comedies often are celebrated by a marriage, which is usually seen as a happy ending. In Measure for Measure, however, marriage is used as a punishment, Angelo is forced to marry Mariana and Lucio is forced to marry Mistress Overdone. This cynical look at marriage is unusual in a comedy. Ironically, marriage here is used to regulate and punish promiscuous behavior. Marriage saves the females reputation and gives them a position they would not have had. For Juliet, Mariana, and Mistress Overdone to an extent, this is the best option. Readers are asked to consider whether marriage would be a good option for Isabella, because she could marry the Duke and have a good social position, but does she love him or is she expected to marry him out of appreciation for what he has done for her? Religion The title of Measure for Measure comes from the gospel of Matthew. The plot includes a  passage where a hypocritical deputy sentences a man to death for fornication and then propositions a  woman. The main themes are associated with religion: morality, virtue, sin, punishment, death, and atonement. Its main character, Isabella, is obsessed with virtue, chastity, and her spiritual journey. The Duke spends most of his time dressed as a friar and Angelo has the attitude and demeanor of a puritan. The Role of the Female Each woman in the play is controlled by the forces of patriarchy. They are vastly different characters, but their social standing is limited by the men in their lives. A novice nun is blackmailed, a prostitute is arrested for running a brothel, and Mariana is jilted for not having a large enough dowry. Juliet and her unborn child are compromised by the attitudes she will face if she has an illegitimate child.